Safeguarding

A vulnerable adult is an individual aged 18 or older who may be unable to protect themselves from harm, abuse, or exploitation due to inherent characteristics or conditions. Such an individual often faces additional barriers, such as dependency on others, communication difficulties, or impaired cognitive functions, which make them more susceptible to harm, abuse, or exploitation. Examples of such are

• Elderly individuals with cognitive decline or physical frailty, who may depend on others for daily care.
• Adults with intellectual disabilities, who may struggle to understand or recognize exploitation or abuse.
• Adults with severe mental health conditions (e.g., schizophrenia, severe depression) that impair judgment or decision-making abilities.
• Adults with physical disabilities, especially those requiring assistance for mobility or personal care, making them reliant on caregivers.
• Adults with chronic illnesses (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis), where long-term health needs affect their capacity for self-protection.
• Adults with sensory impairments, such as blindness or deafness, which may limit their ability to detect or report abuse.
• Individuals with severe learning disabilities, who may not fully comprehend social interactions, making them more susceptible to manipulation.
• Adults with severe substance abuse issues, where addiction leads to compromised decision-making and increased vulnerability.
• Adults living in social isolation, who lack family or social support and are more prone to exploitation or neglect.
• Adults with developmental disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder) that may affect their communication skills and ability to recognize harmful situations.

However, vulnerability is not always inherent. A broader understanding recognizes that some adults become vulnerable due to situational factors. These factors may arise from power imbalances or abusive relationships, where individuals who are otherwise capable are rendered vulnerable by manipulation, coercion, or exploitation. For instance, an adult in a professional, religious, or caregiver relationship may be subjected to abuse of power, creating vulnerability through dependence, fear, or social isolation.

Policies such as the Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (PSEA) address this form of vulnerability by recognizing that adults who do not fit the strict definition of vulnerability—based on physical or mental conditions—can still be at risk in specific contexts. In contrast, Child and Vulnerable Adult Safeguarding Policies focus on individuals with inherent vulnerabilities.